A Comparison of The Book of the Family and The Selected...

During the Renaissance, many writers were authoring how-to books. At the same time, mail correspondence was the main form of communication. This gives readers and historians the golden opportunity to perform some comparisons, and to paint a picture of what life was like in the renaissance. In The Book of the Family Leon Battista Alberti illustrates to his readers through dialogue, his vision of the perfect family. Alberti wrote his book in dialogue form, featuring the elder Giannozzo conversing with the young Leonardo. They discuss important family topics such as thrift, friendship, work, health, housing, economics, children and how and whom to choose as a wife. Alberti stresses thrift with family resources and money, hard work in†¦show more content†¦In the question of whether Albertis visions for a family translated into Alessandras world the facts are conflicting, and careful analysis will allow historians and readers to find areas where they do and dont to reach the ir ultimate conclusion. Albertis first topic is thrift. He explains a system of spending that depends on need, value and honor in which the wise person spends money where it is needed, on goods of value, and isnt miserly. Giannozzo tells Lionardo: With every expenditure one must only be sure that the cost is no greater or heavier or larger than is needed, yet no less than honor requires. Alessandra spends much of her time writing about money matters. family. Her son in-law Marco followed custom of honor in dressing his wife fits this idea of honor. When he bought his wife clothing and adornments, he spent lavishly, he had a garland of feathers and pearls made [for her] which cost eighty florins, the headdress underneath has two strings of pearls costing sixty florins or more. When she goes out shell have more than four hundred florins on her back. For the daughter of a local ruling family and his wife, it was his honor and duty to see her well dressed. This fits with Alb ertis recommendation to keep my household well dressed, each member in accordance with his situation. While this seems like an inordinate amount of money, and wholly against all ideas ofShow MoreRelatedE-Books vs. Paperback Books1583 Words   |  7 PagesE-BOOKS VS. PAPERBACK BOOKS Recently, e-book came out and developed rapidly. In 2012, Amazon released news that it sold more e-books than paperback books in the global market in 2011. Interestingly, it was the first time more e-books than paperbacks were sold on Amazon. Some people have predicted that one day e-books will completely replace paperback books. They saw the rapid increase of e-books’ selling and potential. Undeniably, today’s society has a tendency to prefer e-books. But this preferenceRead MoreSha’Lynn Ayler . Mrs. Cowan. Honor English 12 4Th Block.1420 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes extraordinary successful volumes such as â€Å"Lupercal†, â€Å"Crow†, â€Å"Selected Poems 1957-1981†, and â€Å"The Birthday Letters†, and a popular children’s book The Iron Man, (Ted Hughes, Poetry†). Hughes endured several tragedies in his life. One includes 1963 suicide of his wife Sylvia Plath, which followed the suicide of Hughes’ mistress Ass ia Wevill and their daughter Shura in 1969. One of Hughes’ greatest award was being selected to the Order of Merit. This is one of Britain’s highest honors. LaterRead MoreEssay On Fundamental Techniques In Handling People922 Words   |  4 Pagessuitable expression to describe this book. 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Much of Hawthornes writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction

The Blade Of The Craft Guild - 993 Words

The Blade of the Craft Guild realized his mission would be much more difficult than he expected when less than twenty steps into the Wretched Quarter a man in a torn and dirty black robe confronted him. The Blade was covered in filth, had on a dirty and torn yellow tunic, and should have looked like any other wretched Craft Guild citizen returning from across the river. Yet the man made a beeline to him. â€Å"Name your guild,† the man asked. â€Å"I am a Custodian. I clean the floors in the Warehouse District.† The Blade couldn’t quite believe he was seeing a man in black. Maybe there was some roving gang that liked to pretend they were the heir of Pietro or something. He dropped his hand to the stiletto sheathed against his leg. â€Å"Where do you live?† The Blade nodded in some vague direction. â€Å"Over that aways.† â€Å"Which street?† The man in black was not backing down. The Blade couldn’t quite figure out what was going on, but he didn’t want to raise any alarms either. â€Å"Who wants to know?† The Blade hoped that moving to an aggressive approach might do the trick. The gang member was probably used to people cowering in front of him. To the Blade’s shock, the man in black didn’t even ask another question. He reached out and grabbed the Blade by the arm. â€Å"You’re coming with me.† The man’s grip was like iron, and the Blade was yanked nearly off his feet. Looking around, he was surrounded by quite a few people, but not enough to stop his escape, which was good as he had very few options. HeShow MoreRelatedCarpentry: Wood and Tree House2418 Words   |  10 Pagescorresponding mortise, mitering, which is creating a diagonal seam at a corner in order to make a right angle, and mortising, or cutting square or rectangular holes, into the lumber. In the twelfth century, carpenter guilds began to form. There were three kinds of member in the guild: masters, journeymen and apprentices. The master carpenter would have a lot of experience and had the ability to take in an apprentice to whom he could pass on his knowledge. The apprentice would live with the masterRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagessupplier’s involvement. Outsourcing more substantive items. The value and complexity of the outsourced items varied by relational context. For subcontractors, the items that were typically outsourced were simple components, such as radiator fan blades. In contrast, for major suppliers, they were group components, for example radiators. Finally, for family members, the outsourced items were typically major functions, such as engine-cooling systems. 136 COOPER AND SLAGMULDER The need to

Theological Studies free essay sample

Theological studies for 5 consecutive yrs, I studied E.O. T. C. traditional education like geez language, ancient language implemented in varied manuscripts holy liturgy. In my previous Theological studies, We studied Greek ,Hebrew And Geez languages and I have earned good grades as well as a profound cognizance so as to exploit or implement my potential for further studies. Presently, Am pursuing my B. A for the second time in Addis Ababa University in Sociology starting from Sept2011 And my G. P. A as a fresh man was 3. 94. And I need to join M. A program in Sociology, Social work, Public Administration, Theological Studies or any field related to these programs, if I am eligible with Theology undergraduate level. I have contacted Education USA center of USA embassy, Religious leaders, Churches other organizations in my country for financial aid informed that they dont offer financial aid on individual basis by embassies in country, scholarship providing international organizations universities for M. We will write a custom essay sample on Theological Studies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A program studies in abroad. I was accepted by Higher academic institutions in abroad, such as Toronto School of Theology( Canada), Charles Darwin Univ Wollongong univ. (Australia), Tyndale Seminary(Texas), Leicester Univ(UK),but unable to join them on the account of my financial drawback to cover my tuition, living expense accommodation service I strongly need to join your university in the near future, be it 2012 or 2013. But I do lack financial resources to help my self in covering my xpenses like tuition, living expense accommodation service fee. I have no any other option than bothering you to help me in searching financial aid among Ethiopian , Coptic, Syrian , Armenian Orthodox Churches, Greek Orthodox Church , your church or any other humanitarian organization, any philanthropist you may know in your city/ country . I dont insist in bothering any one to help me by sending money to me but only covering my expenses by paying directly to the university. And as a rule , a student should display 24,000 up to 30,000 US dollar in his financial bank statement to get his visa issued if he is not lucky to get full scholarship. , which is difficult to think of it. We International students are expected to show bank account which displays that we have sufficient funds to cover tuition, living expense, accommodation service fee other , but what I can only do is to work in abroad so as to cover some of my expenses, have no fund or sponsor by myself. Even if You dont have contact with these entities , I kindly request you either to forward my inquiry to them or to help me only sending their email contact so that I may contact them by my self through their email address. I strongly need your help.

Knowledge and Wisdom free essay sample

A wise man learns from experience; a wiser man learns from others experience†? While I can’t find who coined this saying myself, one word comes to my mind—wisdom. Dictionary. com defines wisdom as: the quality or state of being wise; knowledge of what is true or right coupled with just judgment as to action; sagacity, discernment, or insight. After reading the definition above we can agree wisdom is dynamic and deep word; however, I feel that wisdom can be explained in simpler terms. Wisdom is the experience that you gain going through life and obstacles. As you age you experience all sorts of situations—good and bad—these experiences are the key to wisdom. â€Å"These days’ people seek knowledge, not wisdom. Knowledge is of the past, wisdom is of the future. † Quoted by the successful Rugby footballer Vernon Cooper, this statement brings up an excellent point, knowledge and wisdom, while stated as synonyms of each other, are very different. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge and Wisdom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wisdom is the journey of life experiences and way you grasp those hidden opportunities and apply them to your own life moving forward. While knowledge is process of actively learning through reading forms including education and/or study. The knowledgeable man can be the Harvard student who has always worked hard on his or her studies and is well educated. The wise man could be the former troublesome juvenile, who through years of many diverse life experiences, has developed into a successful adult—rich or poor. â€Å"We learn wisdom from failure much more than from success. We often discover what will do, by finding out what will not do; and probably he who never made a mistake never made a discovery. -Samuel Smiles. Abraham Lincoln once said: â€Å"I do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday. † In a perfect world one should be motivated to live their life with the keen eye to analyze life and cherry pick all opportunities’ to become a wiser person. Ultimately the best thing you can pass on to your children, or even your closest of friends is the wisdom you have accumulated through your own trials and tribulations’ that life offers.

Wolf Predation Essays - Predation, LotkaVolterra Equations, Caribou

Wolf Predation Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population increase. Many studies support the hypothesis that predation limits prey density. Bergerud et al. (1983) concluded from their study of the interrelations of wolves and moose in the Pukaskwa National Park that wolf predation limited, and may have caused a decline in, the moose population, and that if wolves were eliminated, the moose population would increase until limited by some other regulatory factor, such as food availability. However, they go on to point out that this upper limit will not be sustainable, but will eventually lead to resource depletion and population decline. Seip (1992) found that high wolf predation on caribou in the Quesnel Lake area resulted in a decline in the population, while low wolf predation in the Wells Gray Provincial Park resulted in a slowly increasing population. Wolf predation at the Quesnel Lake area remained high despite a fifty percent decline in the caribou population, indicating that mortality due to predation was not density-dependent within this range of population densities. Dale et al. (1994), in their study of wolves and caribou in Gates National Park and Preserve, showed that wolf predation can be an important limiting factor at low caribou population densities, and may have an anti-regulatory effect. They also state that wolf predation may affect the distribution and abundance of caribou populations. Bergerud and Ballard (1988), in their interpretation of the Nelchina caribou herd case history, said that during and immediately following a reduction in the wolf population, calf recruitment increased, which should result in a future caribou population increase. Gasaway et al. (1983) also indicated that wolf predation can sufficiently increase

Program Development And Director(articles T Be Read) Article

Program Development And Director(articles T Be Read) Article Program Development And Director(articles T Be Read) – Article Example Program Development and Director al Affiliation Data collection and analysis is the focal part of any research. However, during a study the participants may encounter several challenges that could affect the data collection and analysis. An analysis of Celine Mercier’s work on the multi-component program aimed at improving health and social services to the homeless several challenges manifested. First, the program was complex due to its magnitude. Finance also posed a serious challenge; the plan was forced to operate on a limited budget (Mercier 1997). Teams were required to produce reports regularly and on a timely basis. Additionally, in the data collection and analysis the qualitative approach taken resulted in some level of anxiety, as it does not offer the participants any control over the information collected during the study (Mercier 1997). Many of the individuals involved in the evaluation steering committee did not take part in the actual evaluation. Resulting in a d isconnect between planning and implementation. These challenges affected data collection and analysis. Finance could be a challenge to my study. To monitor and evaluate a child and family welfare would require constant data collection, storage and evaluation. To tackle this challenge proposal for funding would be presented to various child and family welfare organization to help bridge any deficit in the budget. Witken (1994) suggests that a need assessment should be done before the actual evaluation is commences. Needs assessment will enable the identification of the study group as well as all the resources required to assess this population (Witken, 1994) Due to the difficulty in accessing finances, a needs assessment is necessary before the actual evaluation. Financial challenges in needs assessment have however, reduced largely. Needs assessment targets a particular portion of any population, and there has been increased interest to fund studies on particular groups within the s ociety. Nevertheless, there are still numerous challenges facing needs assessment. There exists no clear distinction between need and demands of the target population. Experts also tend to confuse primary and secondary needs. The research has thus over the years focused on second and third level needs while completely ignoring the primary needs. Written questionnaires followed by structured interviews are the methods used to conduct needs assessment. However, scholars argue that the use of only these two methods does not represent the true picture since different methods are bound to produce varying lists of needs. These are some of the shortcomings of needs assessment when compared to project evaluation. A needs assessment model is necessary before an evaluation is done. Berberet (2006) proposes that an integrated needs assessment model should have various aspects. Firstly, the needs assessment should employ qualified personnel (Berberet, 2006) the qualified workforce will then be able to collect data, analyze the data and provide results. A good team should invest time, money and exercise perseverance. Data collection is considered the most important aspect of the needs assessment study. The data aids in the determination of the needs of the target population, the service provider can use the data to allocate resources appropriately and plan all activities in line with the data collected.References Berberet, H. (2006). A Model Of Integrated Assessment of Need and Programme Planning. Putting the Pieces together for Queer Youth, 85(2), 361-384. Mercier, C. (1997). A Case Study. Participation in Stakeholder-Based Evaluation, 20(4), 467-475. Witken, R. (1994). The State of the Practice. Needs Assessment Since 1981, 1(1), 17-26.

Organisational Structure and Change ( MANAGEMENT Subject ) Essay

Organisational Structure and Change ( MANAGEMENT Subject ) - Essay Example It is logical to think about the relevance of the Toyota way into industries outside the manufacturing sphere as well – Services organizations like Banks and Software companies have tried and assimilated the ‘factory’ model of Toyota as well as the ‘Lean’ manufacturing principles. What follows here, is a critical analysis of the pro’s and con’s of adopting the Toyota operative model into the service industry, particularly banks. The Toyota experience spells a success story and a story of survival with sheer grit, persistence and tenacity amidst periods of fluctuating fortunes across the decades. Likewise, fabled banks have their own stories of how they have (and have not) survived to this day. If one were to explore the validity of Toyota’s fundamental principles and their applicability to the Banking industry, the following aspects seem pertinent: a) Governance and Ethics are the pillars of Toyota – needless to assert, these have been the sustainers and destroyers of Banks today, especially in the context of the economic turmoil of the past few months. Banks that were seemingly invincible just a year ago have bitten the dust and sunk without a trace. Hence, Toyota, in stark contrast, demonstrates what strong governance and ethics can do for a company’s survival. b) Back from the brink and flourishing thereafter – Toyota almost collapsed during the Korean War and was saved only because of an order of trucks that came from the US army in 1950 – Toyota has ‘never’ forgotten this bitter lesson and the company thrives to this day on what it proudly calls the value system of ‘presumptions of imperfection’ – others would term it as healthy paranoia.. In direct contrast, Banks have in recent times turned adventurous, invested recklessly, served bad credits, and quite simply, collapsed – Bringing in

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example s taxation is replete with various complexities and disparities, while saving is discouraged in many ways, wherein simple interest-bearing accounts are meted out the harshest treatment, while the same time other types of savings are granted large-scale benefits for tax savings (Mirrlees, Adam, Besley, et al., 2012). This disparity and intricacy in tax treatment have led to the emergence of an industry that thrives on simply advising people on the nature of their savings allocation that is not based on the best form of underlying investments, but is more dependent on the form of tax treatment. In this context, the essay provides a brief review of the Mirrlees Review’s recommendation to provide a tax system with a neutral treatment of life-cycle savings for the vast majority of taxpayers. The Mirrlees Review aimed at addressing the challenge of designing a tax system that would enable the UK government to raise revenues necessary for achieving its distributional and spending objectives, while lowering its administrative and economic inefï ¬ ciencies and avoiding disparity in tax treatment across citizens and different types of economic activities. It main principle behind all its proposals was the framing of a progressive, neutral tax system, wherein the three words ‘progressive,’ ‘neutral,’ and ‘system’ form to be the important keywords that are suggestive of the main findings of the Review. Therefore, it can be suggested that first, policy makers must aim at designing a tax system that functions effectively as a ‘system.’ The way in which different taxes can be assembled together is important, as is a clarity regarding the role played by each tax within the system. Second, distribution plays a major role within the system of tax and beneï ¬ ts, similarly the trade-off between efficiency and redistribution is at the core of tax policy related debates. The redistribution ambit is ascertained by society’s choices and the system effect is based on

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final - Research Paper Example Summary of Literature Review The review of three different research articles has been conducted for supporting the proposed subject matter. Chow, Jaffee and Snowden in the year of 2003 concluded that in the High Poverty Areas African-American males, along with those individuals who belong to some other minority groups, are standing at odds to get the hold of quality mental health treatment on their own basis as compared to those African-Americans males who belong to the affluent community or Low Poverty Area’s (LPA). They further reported that the social service providers or agencies are most likely to provide such services to those who belong to HPAs; moreover, there are some cases in which law-enforcement agencies correspond with them to endow this community with certain mental health services than to the individuals in the LPAs. Chow, Jaffee & Snowden (2003) came up with all-inclusive outcomes in this regard for the male population of African-American’s in the United States by representing 30.3% of such incidences among the total sample population in their conducted survey; on the other hand, this representation with respect to the total populace is somewhere around 25%. The literature review above is a clear case of disparity in the legal system as well as disparity in the distribution of national resources. This should be a major case for worry people of the indication that not all people within the African American community receive the same treatment from State authorities. As a matter of fact, the health needs of the citizenry should be something that should be considered with the best of vigilance and fairness. This is because of the important role that quality healthcare plays in the economic and general development and growth of the country. It is observed that more health among the citizenry accounts for up to 12% of all cases of under production in various departments, organizations and companies (Chow, Jaffe and Snowden, 2003). The r elation that this statistics have with the above literature is that if the anomaly of healthcare provision disparities are not addressed, the high poverty areas of America will continue to experience poverty. This is because the indwellers will not be in a position to give off their best in working for the country. Contradicting to Chow et al, Thornton & Carter in the year of 1975 put forward their discussion in which they highlight the projected theme by establishing their firmly researched statements that the African-American males who come up with poor financial status clearly depict lack of access to mental health services for their mental illness just because of their poverty, diminutive social status and poor relations with the higher authorities and thus, they are exposed to such social discrimination by having minimal access to mental health services by all means. There are a plenty of researches and literatures in this context which evidently draw that for ensuring the acce ss of poor African-American to mental health services for their mental health treatments there must be an approach adopted by the concerned communal groups to endow the deprived African-Americans with the medical services so that they can meet their psychological needs and an unbiased environment could be established within the same community of people belonging to same race and creed. In inference, Chow et al, Thorn

Creative about recruiting

Creative about recruiting Question 1: How can Helen and Jesse be creative about recruiting top-notch people for the housekeeping department? Helen and Jesse have to create an atmosphere in which people believe in strategy, believe in management decisions, and believe in their work in order to create recruiting top-notch people for the housekeeping department. Additionally, people believe in management decisions, there is an enthusiasm within an organization. According to Chowdhury, 2000 such an atmosphere makes an organization do well; furthermore, successful leaders make this sort of environment equally inside and outside the organization. Jesse Rodriquez as a HR manager has to create a motivational atmosphere through setting a positive example through the utilization of good leadership practices. Moreover he must be good leader considering the fact that â€Å"leadership is a relationship through which one person influences the behavior or actions of other people† (Mullins, 2005) In addition Helen and Jesse must motivate potential employees because motivated employees help organizations to survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, Helen and Jesse need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943): physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959). Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Furthermore, management team must make employees feel important and treat employees fairly and equitably. Moreover, the implement job satisfaction to their employees is required. Employees that feel they are a valued and integral part of the organization are likely to remain with the property for extended periods of time. Human resources manager must be good communicator team player and to power to his employees constantly and continue to improve overall group performance. Employees that believe their managers will lend support and reinforcement during challenging times are more likely to remain with the organization for the long term A good operating system and adequate training are essential. Employees need the proper tools and support to do the job. A performance-based compensation plan should be designed very carefully to ensure that your employees are encouraged to help build the business and are rewarded for their contributions, and provide as many extra benefits as possible. A positive corporate culture and a pleasant work environment are more important than money to most good employees. Question 2: What kind of support should Helen and Jesse ask the general manager to provide? The general manager has to support these ideas in order to give opportunity to these systems to be effective. Manager need to demonstrate a truthful sense of caring about employees and what is important to them. Manager has to help employees refocus on the demands of their roles and on the skills, knowledge and talents they bring to their jobs.. For employees to engage and commit to their employer, they need: A strong relationship with their manager; Clear communication from their manager; A clear path set for concentrating on what they do best; Strong co-worker relationships; A strong commitment to their co-workers so they will take risks and stretch for excellence; and Opportunities to learn and grow.

Lawyers’ Role in Dispute Resolution Essay -- Law Legal Lawyer

Lawyers’ Role in Dispute Resolution Modern American culture provides an inconsistent vision of the role of lawyers in dispute resolution. Lawyers are alternately portrayed as greedy, corrupt people without morals or as necessary and competent allies in protecting individuals against larger and better-funded opponents. In reality, while lawyers have the definite capability to change the outcome of a dispute in a negative way, they ultimately have a positive effect by allowing citizens access to the legal system. By its very nature, the legal system is confusing, puts the inexperienced at a disadvantage, and can be difficult to access for claimants with little authority. Lawyers provide a way to overcome these obstacles. They are beneficial because they effectively use their experience and education to help their clients, facilitate their client’s freedom in trial, aid in the formation of cases, and add authority and weight to a claim. The experience and education lawyers have is invaluable in providing legal access for their clients. Their knowledge and skill allow lawyers to effectively interpret the legal system and therefore help their clients navigate it. The American legal system, in the two hundred years it has been in existence, has become extremely complex and confusing to the uninitiated. The trial process alone can become a Byzantine series of motions, objections, briefs, and rulings. Despite the fact that defendants are allowed to represent themselves, the very structure of the system is so complicated that being or employing a professional lawyer is all but necessary. Legal documents, too, are so confusing that even non-trial disputes can be impossible for a layman to handle. A lawyer’s training i... ...nore, Peter d’Errico, Ethan Katsh, Ronald M. Pipkin, Janet Rifkin (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002) 76-83. Langum, David J. â€Å"William M. Kunstler: The Most Hated Lawyer in America, Introduction to Legal Studies: A Reader, ed. Thomas Hilbink, 2005, 83-97. Haltom, William. Michael McCann, â€Å"Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis,† Introduction to Legal Studies: A Reader, ed. Thomas Hilbink, 2005, 23-46. Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. â€Å"The Transformation of Legal Disputes by Lawyers: What the Dispute Paradigm Does and Does Not Tell Us,† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. Stephen Arons, John J Bonsignore, Peter d’Errico, Ethan Katsh, Ronald M. Pipkin, Janet Rifkin (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002) 478-480 Toobin, Jeffrey. â€Å"Killer Instinct,† Introduction to Legal Studies: A Reader, ed. Thomas Hilbink, 2005, 251-260.

EXP Syllabus

I will be grading it relatively harshly, but†¦ If you want to raise your grade, you can make the edits I have suggested, and turn the new paper in ALONG WITH the original, edited paper, and that will raise your grade quite a bit. Goal: the goal here is to work on 3 things: allowing you to investigate a memory related topic of your choice, increasing your military with research/scientific methodology, and working on your writing and editing skills. Due Date: there will be 3 times in this semester when papers will be handed in to me, but you only have to do ONE paper.I'm having you all not turn them all in at once because that would take me forever to grade, as I put in a lot of effort to helping you edit and learn to do scientific writing. First Batch of Papers, due: 2/10 Second Batch of Papers, due: 317 Third Batch of Papers, due: 3/31 You will sign up for which date you want to turn in your paper during class. I will pass around 3 sheets and it will be first come first serve. A s such, I'm guessing most people will sign in for the latest date, but if you do get stuck with the early ones, it will probably be a good thing.The semester always gets busier as you go, so I bet it will help to get this out of the way early so you can focus on other classes. Sons Studies. Simply sign-up and participate in 4 credits worth of Sons studies. If you do that, this portion of your grade will be the full 20%. These are GAME POINTS, so easy to get full credit here, so get them done early. Participation. We will have numerous in-class discussions, which should give you n opportunity for me to learn who you are. Definitely speak up and don't be shy; being active in your education is very important.Another opportunity for participation points will be in-class activities! I will have you do various things and put your name on it, if you do a good Job and take the activities seriously, that will count towards your participation grade. Extra Credit. I will randomly give out pop quizzes in class, but they will be worth extra credit only. They can't hurt your grade. There will also be extra credit available to the winning teams during our Jeopardy view days. Warning: on top of the usual topics, there will be an â€Å"random† category of question.If you'd like additional extra credit, you can sign-up to present your article in front of the class (see course calendar). The presentation will be about 10 minutes long. You will describe the topic/article you read about, discuss your critique of it, and discuss your idea for future studies. Email me EARLY to reserve a spot. Slots will be filled on a first come first serve basis. Course Policies: Attendance is NOT mandatory. There is no way to take attendance in a class like this. However, you will miss out on some opportunities if you don't show up.Participation is highly encouraged. I will be calling on people, some who raise their hands and some who do not raise their hands. If this makes you really anxio us, you may email Honesty: This course operates on the University's Code of Academic Integrity. This Code of Academic Integrity reflects the values articulated in the Student Code of Standards. All students are expected to adhere to a standard of academic conduct, which demonstrates respect for themselves, their fellow students, and the educational mission of Florida International University. No cheating, no popularizing.

Trade in “Things Fall apart” Essay Essays

Trade in â€Å"Things Fall apart† Essay Essays Trade in â€Å"Things Fall apart† Essay Paper Trade in â€Å"Things Fall apart† Essay Paper Essay Topic: Things Fall apart In the fresh â€Å"Things autumn apart† by Chinua Achebe adult females are considred as a low in society. because as stated in the book. Okonkwo hated his male parent because of his being frail. weak and ignoble. Those work forces who have no rubric are called agbala or â€Å"woman† . ( Achebe 143 ) Work forces are the huntsmans and husbandmans of the small town. because they have the strength to work. Because adult females where weak and frail they stay at their places and market places. Womans in the small town play an of import function in the market and in the community. It is confirmed that adult females have places like captain. this place is non administrative. but for of import functions in the market and the community. Women became the merchandisers of the small town. because work forces tend to be out runing. agriculture and making their occupation as administrative functionaries of the small town. maintaining jurisprudence and order in the small town. The chief harvests in Ibo were veggies and yams. Trade with other small towns was done by the usage of cowry shells. these little seashells were used as a signifier of currency. But during the old ages from 1880 to 1960 Europians started to colonise Africa. Trade in these small towns where badly affected. Europians forced Africans to pay revenue enhancement ; these revenue enhancements can besides be paid by pay labour. The Europians besides put up plantations and mines and other working evidences for Africans to work. The Europians chief intent is to bring forth money for them. Some Europians accept revenue enhancement in signifier of merchandises. like woven fabrics made of cotton. Others bring grain as signifier of revenue enhancement. The Europians besides forced Africans to work without payment. Roads and dragoon where physique by the usage of corvee labour. Corvee labour is work without payment. They were besides forced to transport heavy tonss of goods by conveyance colonial decision makers Africans suffered a batch during the colonial period. But since around 1960 Africans started to derive independency and were strugling to recover trade. because the value of chief merchandises that they produce declined in the universe market. Mentions: Achebe. Chinua â€Å"Things autumn apart† ground tackle books. 1958 Chun. June â€Å"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart† June 12 2007 From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bookmans. nus. edu. sg/post/nigeria/women. hypertext markup language Uzoma Onyemaechi â€Å"Igbo Political Systems† June 12 2007 From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. umunna. org/politicalsystems. htm I read the book Things autumn apart during my HUM 1 category. so I have a background on the novel. I based my essay on the book and other online beginnings that provide information on the trade. civilization and history of Africans. I besides used the links you have provided me. That is how I came up with this essay.

Free Essays on Gulliver’s Change Throughout Gulliver’s Travels

Gulliver’s change throughout Gulliver’s Travels Throughput the book â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift, the character Gulliver changes many times. During and after part two and four of the book a noticeable change in Gulliver starts to occur. He himself may not see it but the reader sees it and ones attitude towards Gulliver might change due to Gulliver’s changes. Throughout these two parts, we see Gulliver as an adventurous man that wants to see everything that has been created in the world. During his second adventure Gulliver see the opposite side of the spectrum and has to fend for his life because of his small size, which causes him to lose his view of human size when he goes back to England. In addition, he starts to defend England in his talks, which are totally opposite of how he started. In part four we see the most change in Gulliver, he has lost a grip on reality and no longer wants to accept the fact that he is what he is and looks like a Yahoo. In part two and four of Gulliverâ₠¬â„¢s Travels, we see changes within Gulliver. In the second part of the book, Gulliver finds himself living with a group of giants called Brobdingnagians. During his stays with the giants, he is very pleased with their society and the long conversations that he is able to have with the queen. Since he is so tiny, he finds himself defending himself against animals and one man that is upset that he is no longer the smallest man. During his fights, we see Gulliver turning into a fighter because his life depends on how well he can protect himself. In addition, most of all we see Gulliver’s attitude towards England change. We start to see this in his talks with the queen. He defended England because he does not want to admit that the queen is right, that her country is better than his is and that England does not have its country set up so that everyone is equal. Gulliver does know about his change in talk about Engla... Free Essays on Gulliver’s Change Throughout Gulliver’s Travels Free Essays on Gulliver’s Change Throughout Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s change throughout Gulliver’s Travels Throughput the book â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift, the character Gulliver changes many times. During and after part two and four of the book a noticeable change in Gulliver starts to occur. He himself may not see it but the reader sees it and ones attitude towards Gulliver might change due to Gulliver’s changes. Throughout these two parts, we see Gulliver as an adventurous man that wants to see everything that has been created in the world. During his second adventure Gulliver see the opposite side of the spectrum and has to fend for his life because of his small size, which causes him to lose his view of human size when he goes back to England. In addition, he starts to defend England in his talks, which are totally opposite of how he started. In part four we see the most change in Gulliver, he has lost a grip on reality and no longer wants to accept the fact that he is what he is and looks like a Yahoo. In part two and four of Gulliverâ₠¬â„¢s Travels, we see changes within Gulliver. In the second part of the book, Gulliver finds himself living with a group of giants called Brobdingnagians. During his stays with the giants, he is very pleased with their society and the long conversations that he is able to have with the queen. Since he is so tiny, he finds himself defending himself against animals and one man that is upset that he is no longer the smallest man. During his fights, we see Gulliver turning into a fighter because his life depends on how well he can protect himself. In addition, most of all we see Gulliver’s attitude towards England change. We start to see this in his talks with the queen. He defended England because he does not want to admit that the queen is right, that her country is better than his is and that England does not have its country set up so that everyone is equal. Gulliver does know about his change in talk about Engla...

Using formative assessments as an educational leader Assignment

Using formative assessments as an educational leader - Assignment Example For success, students need to understand the goal of learning and the criteria for arriving at this goal. To ensure students understand who they are, the teacher could choose to use student work or classroom tests (Tuttle 2009). Observations test a students’ ability to learn and understand. It involves more than just a stroll in the classroom when students are undertaking a problem. It comes in hand in assisting teachers gather and record evidence to be used as evidence of student learning which is used as a tool for instructional planning. Questioning strategies when embedded in a lesson planning provides the teacher with significant insight into the degree of understanding of a student. Such questions are useful ion engaging students in classroom dialogue that expand their learning. According to Tuttle (2009), self and peer assessment creates a learning community in class. Student keep track of important information to help them in understanding important concepts learned in class. This does not only engage students but helps them know where they started gauge their progress in the learning process. Formative assessment thus provides information needed teaching and learning while it is actually in

Claim and fact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Claim and fact - Essay Example men shun the positions all the same because of the negative perceptions that the society has towards women who are senior in organizations (Deal and Stevenson 289). Such women are believed to have given sexual favors to men to acquire such positions. At times, they are hated by men or even discriminated. A very good example is Margret Thatcher who even to death was hated by many men (Brenner 382). The increasing impact made by women in leadership positions mostly the senior most positions has led to research to examine the effectiveness of women as better leaders. Research shows that it is natural for women to employ some skills. Women are non-coercive, team players as well as a proficient in making better relationships (Kolb et al. 306). Furthermore, female qualities such as expressive, emotional, cooperative, tactful, warm, gentle, and talkative as well as submissive (Park 15).These qualities of women make them have a more nurturing, motivational as well as based on relationships their work. Women juggle with a lot of house work. They cook, raise children, and they do laundry as well as they clean the house at the same time they go to work. It is very challenging to do housework as well as be a career woman yet women still succeed. This has made them know how to prioritize their work. Men lack priority in their type of leadership skills. Organizations require prioritization. Men are aggressive, and task oriented while women work on the relationships of the employees. This in turn results in a better outcome. Women are more transformational leadership works well in any organization. This the best type of leadership that is required in any organization. Women model their organizations they take them as their responsibility. They know that that it is their home. There is a famous saying that says â€Å"give a woman a house and she makes it home.† This simply means that women transform everything that is left under their care. Every place that requires a leader

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Homework - Essay Example There were contrasting opinions over the presence of a foreign material in the bottle. While the plaintiff’s believed that it was a condom, the analysts of the Coca Cola Company denied these allegations by terming the foreign particle as being a mold which resembled a condom. Also, Coca Cola argued that the case should not stand as there was no physical injury to any of the plaintiffs and the extent of mental distress as claimed cannot be quantifiable. The Court was therefore left to interpret the validity of the impact rule in cases of emotional distress which is not associated by physical injury. The court was also left to pass a judgment on whether the impact rule was applicable in this case or should it be abolished or amended in Florida. In this case, the court concluded that although it could not validate any impact for which it could apply the impact rule. In my view, the court had rightly made the decision since the plaintiffs could not establish the extent of the emotional distress as a fear of contracting a physical illness alone does not constitute a legally compensable injury. 2. In any society, there are four main functions of law which include Peacekeeping or social control, justice in the society, Environment protection, and personal freedom. The first function mentioned above is peacekeeping which essentially works by dissuading criminals and anti-social elements from indulging in anti-social activities by rule making which deters any such action through knowledge of punishments that may result as a consequence. The Tort system is one example which assures that every person is entitled to financial claim on the other in the event of any physical harm. This ensures that people do not fight or disrupt peace over such issues. Law also results in the provision of economic growth by promoting competition. Various anti-trust laws ensure that small businesses are

Drama Comparison Essay Example for Free

Drama Comparison Essay I am going to compare the scenes in which we have studied for She Stoops to Conquer and Guys and Dolls, I am going to discuss the similarities and differences between the two chosen sections. The sections that I am going to discuss are Act 1 scene 2 in Guys and Dolls, and In She Stoops to Conquer the section between Marlow and Miss Hardcastle as a maid. The time period that Guys and Dolls by Damon Runyon is set is in the 1950s, New York, this is shown through the accents of the characters on stage and also through costumes. In this scene Sky would be wearing a full suit and Sarah would be wearing an old Salvation Army suit. This is vastly different then She Stoops to conquer by Oliver Goldsmith, which is set in the 18th century, in the English countryside. The period is conveyed through costume, Marlow would be wearing breeches, and a cravat, a short jacket with a tail underneath wearing a colourful waistcoat the men would have long hair tied back with a ribbon. Miss Hardcastle would be wearing a maids outfit in this section; this would be a long brown dress with long sleeves and a square neck front and would also be wearing a white apron. They also convey this through language, which is Shakespearian. Another difference between them is that Guys and Dolls is a Musical and She Stoops to conquer is a restoration comedy. There are some major similarities between these two sections one of these is that its between a guy and a girl, and in both the guys are going for the girls. Even though this is a major similarity the woman react in different ways. In She Stoops to conquer Miss Hardcastle is playing hard to get so actually does like Marlow but does not want him to take her to bed, whereas Sarah just does not like Sky and does not want to talk to him. Both of the girls reactions are similar in the way that they are both rude and talk back to the men, both woman are supposed to come through as being innocent. Another similarity is that it is both dramatic irony this is because in She Stoops everyone knows that the maid is actually Miss Hardcastle, and in Guys and Dolls everyone in the audience knows that Sarah and Sky are going to fall in love. The guys in both performances are bold, Sky asks Sarah to go to Havana with him and Marlow implies to Miss Hardcastle that he wants to go to bed with her. Both plays are also deceiving this is because Miss Hardcastle is pretending to be a maid to Marlow, and in Guys and Dolls Sky is only talking to Sarah because he has bet that he can take her to Havana. A difference between them is movement, in She Stoops to conquer the movements are very over exaggerated this is because at the time it was the fashion in theatre to do this, the audience would find these movements amusing and made the story easier to follow. In Guys and Dolls the movements are much more naturalistic in this scene and this also helps to convey the period. An example of over exaggerating in She Stoops is that when she meets Marlow for the first time she would do a big curtsy, but over the top this would be amusing for the audience because they would be able to see that she was trying too hard to act like a maid. A similarity between them too is that they both use the whole stage this is because in She Stoops the large movements make the actors use more space and in Guys and Dolls the actors use a lot of space because Sarah is almost trying to get away from Sky. The status of the characters is different, in She Stoops Marlow thinks that he has the higher status but Miss Hardcastle actually does I would show this by Marlow sitting down for quite a lot of it, showing he has a lower level. In Guys and Dolls the status changes at the start Sarah has the highest status but when she says Isaiah the status changes and Sky then has the higher status. The set is different in both sections because of the different periods and the contexts. In She Stoops I would set it out as in a small area I would use a similar idea as what I saw in the production Othello were the walls fluctuated according to the mood of the play. I think that this should be a very small space this would show intimacy towards the two characters. The furniture should be set out as rich 18th century home e.g. a chez lounge chair in deep red and oak tables. In Guys and Dolls I would have this in a big space this would show the emptiness of the room and also reflect how far Sky and Sarah were away from each other in class. The design of the room would be that with 10 rows of chairs and 5 seats horizontally across the front. The use of Lighting would be very different this is because in She Stoops it is older so the light would be in sepia, or the light dimmed like it was candlelight, this would convey the period and show that it was old. In Guys and Dolls the lights would be bright at colourful to show that it was exciting and have a happy mood. The Music in Guys and Dolls is similar in the way that it tells a part of the story, in She Stoops when we acted out when the music came on we would do movement to what would be happening next. The emotional impact of She Stoops is that the audience find it very amusing and there is tension because the audience do not know weather Miss Hardcastle will pull it off. In Guys and Dolls the audience find it funny because Sky is so persistent and will not take no for an answer this is similar because for both the audiences reaction should be to find it funny. In Conclusion I think that they are very similar and different in lots of ways they both have similar ideas about a boy trying to get a girl, but the way in which the girls react is different. The way in which I would set out each of the sections would be completely different because of the time period and the intensity of the characters. Overall they both use different techniques to show that they are different e.g. making gestures big.

Free Canterbury Tales Essays: The Knight and the Wife of Bath :: Wife of Bath Essays

The Character of the Knight of the Wife of Bath  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The knight from the "Wife of Bath's Tale" is not a very likable personality. His actions suggest he is just an abstract character, a receiver of the actions, who is used to give the tale's plot a meaning. Neither he nor other characters in the story are even mentioned by name. However, the traits of his character are very real and do exist in the real world. Brought together, they create an un-exciting personality of a man without a purpose in life. The knight is not very smart; he does not think about the consequences of his actions. Raping the girl is one example. In this act, he is guided only by his desires, without considering how right they are. But he doesn't think about the punishment either. The knight lives only for the present moment. Another example is the rash promise that he gives to the old hag. He agrees to do anything she wants in return for hearing the answer he is looking for. True, if he doesn't get an answer, he will lose his life. However, he doesn't think about the possibility that what the hag will want may turn out to be even worse, considering the fact that honor and personal integrity were valued more than life in those times. A thoughtful person, such as Sir Gawain from Morte Darthur, would have inquired more about the woman's wish, before making such an agreement. The knight is also an ungrateful person. The hag saves him from a certain death and then requests that he marry her. In light of the events, the knight should be grateful to escape death, but instead he views the marriage to his savior as another form of the same punishment. He agrees only because he is bound by the promise, and the chivalric code forces him to keep it. In addition, the knight's thoughts are easily influenced by other people. Apparently, he recognizes the fact that he is often wrong and listens to the opinions of others. But he adopts those opinions without thinking them through for himself. This happens when the old hag says she knows what women most want; the knight doesn't question that knowledge. However, by the time he meets the hag, he has listened to many other women who weren't very consistent in their suggestions.

An Analysis of the Kenyan Mobile Phone Market Essay

The stage is thus set for fierce competition among Mobile service providers in Kenya with possible positive benefits for the millions of mobile subscribers in the country. . 2 Technology According to Laudon(2006:292), â€Å"mobile phones enable millions of people to communicate and access the internet †¦. where conventional telephone and internet services are expensive or unavailable†. It is not surprising then that in a country such as Kenya with poor or little infrastructure in the form of fixed telephone lines, developed transport systems and computer facilities that a large percentage of the population has resorted to using mobile phones to communicate , do business and enhance their lives. According to Menguy, T (2007), in 1990, only 48. % of long distance calls and 53. 7% of domestic calls were being completed successfully using a fixed line. State owned fixed line operator Telkom Kenya has been regarded as a â€Å"low performer with no competition†. Laudon ( 2006:292) highlights that the global standard for cellular service is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) which is also currently being used by the Safaricom and Celtel networks. Using the GSM band users are able to retain the same number while being able to roam across national borders to nearby countries such as Uganda and Tanzania (BBC News as reported by Karobia, C,). Although the benefits and features of smart phones are widely known and used by the western world developing companies such as Kenya as still getting used to the idea of having a phone that does nearly everything for them. Safaricom is only introducing 3G and video calling including other value adding services to Kenyans next year (Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:12)) which undoubtedly will only enhance the lives of Kenyans. 1. 3 Foreign Trade Policy During the 1980’s until 1990’s, Kenya’s poor relations with donors resulted in heavy domestic borrowing and higher interest rates which resulted in poor economic growth. According to Wagacha, M, (2008:12) trade policies in Kenya underwent reformation in 1990 which resulted in greater trade openness (such as the CCK’s decision to issue more mobile phone licences to companies). The Trade Openness Index is an indication of the ability of country to trade and is calculated by adding imports and exports of company and representing it as a fraction of GDP. Wagacha, M (2008:12) highlights that the trade openness index for Kenya was an average of 46. 4% during 1997 to 2003 . The higher the trade openness the more open the country is to trade and the higher the growth. A country such as Uganda had an openness index of 26. 7 which indicates that Kenya has better trade policies and a better chance of growth as compared to Uganda. In addition to this Apoteker, T and Crozet, E (2003:7) argue that better trade openness results in †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovation and efficient production in a smaller number of goods [and allows Kenya]†¦. to compete internationally. Greater variety of goods available to consumers thus increasing the consumer Surplus and satisfying the consumers’ â€Å"demand of difference†. †¢[The] Adoption of sound policies to make sure the country is attractive to investors. †¢Capital flows can enhance domestic investment rates. From capital-rich to capital-poor countries, they can improve the rate of capi tal accumulation in the latter†. According to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) prior to 1998 all telecommunications in Kenya was owned and controlled by the state owned company Kenya Posts and Telecommunications (KP&C). Wagacha, M (2008:16) highlights that more than 200 transnational corporations are operating in Kenya successfully, in many industries not limited just to the mobile phone sector. However trade reforms and governmental corruption have always influenced investment from foreign companies. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may be regarded as the commitment by developed countries to facilitate the access of new technologies, markets, products, process and skills and most importantly funds to the developing or emerging country to improve and strengthen the economic development of the developing country such as Kenya. In1999 the Kenyan government approved the new act proposed by the Communication Commission of Kenya(CCK) which made KP&C redundant with the intention of opening up the industry to invite competition from foreign and local service providers. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as cited by Van Vuuren, H (2002:1) also describes â€Å"private capital flows to Africa, as an essential component of a sustainable long-term approach to filling the resource gap†. However bribery and corruption in the Kenyan government and the government’s interference in the mobile phone industry is well known. In 2005 Econet Wireless paid US$ 15 m for phone network licence which according to Arunga, J and Kahora, B (2007:7) was illegally cancelled by the Kenyan Minister of Information and Communications. The same minister was also accused of illegally cancelling a tendering process for a second fixed line operator and is alleged to have a vested interest in monopolised Telkom Kenya. The Competition Commission of Kenya (CCk) which was formed in the first place to invite foreign and local investment in the mobile industry has since been dissolved due to governmental interference in a highly political industry. Today nearly 100’s of companies are still waiting for their licences to be issued which now rests with government which is trying to regulate the industry with a political agenda which is counter productive to stimulating sustainable long term growth to reduce poverty (Wagacha, 2008). 1. 4 Economy Table 1 below shows some key statistics on Kenya. According to the information presented in the table it can be seen that Kenya has an average population of 34. 7million people and 52% of the Kenyan population is below the poverty line. Table 1: Key Statistics for Kenya

Questions: International Trade Theory

Chapter 05 International Trade Theory True / False Questions 1. (p. 161) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mercantilism advocated that countries should discourage both imports and exports. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 2. (p. 161) Free trade refers to a situation where a government attempts to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 3. (p. 61) Proposed in 1776, David Ricardo's theory was the first to explain why unrestricted free trade is beneficial to a country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 4. (p. 161) According to Adam Smith, the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 5. (p. 161) Nineteenth century English economist David Ricardo popularized a laissez-fair stance of government towards trade.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 6. (p. 162) The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify the specific benefits of international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 7. (p. 162) A country's economy would gain only if its citizens buy products that are made in that country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 8. p. 163) During the 1980s, economist such as Paul Krugman developed what has come to be known as the new tr ade theory. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 9. (p. 164) The first theory of international trade emerged in England in the mid-16th century. Referred to as the theory of comparative advantage, its principle assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 0. (p. 164) The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 11. (p. 165) Zero-sum game refers to a situation in which an economic gain by one country results in an economic loss by another. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 12. (p. 165) A positive-sum game refers to a situation in which ma jor industrial nations can benefit even if some of them are able to benefit more than others.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 13. (p. 165) If a country is more efficient than any other country in the production of a product, it has what is known as definitive advantage in the production of that product. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 14. (p. 165) In his 1776 landmark book, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations,† Adam Smith supported the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 15. (p. 165) According to Adam Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 16. (p. 167-168) Ricardo's theory of competitive advantage says that it is logical for a country to specialize in the production of goods that it produces most efficiently and to export goods that it produces less efficiently. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 17. (p. 170) The basic message of the theory of comparative advantage is that potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 18. (p. 170) Smith's theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 19. (p. 70) Ricardo's theory is so powerful that it remains a major intellectual weapon for advocates of free trade. TRUE AACSB: A nalytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 20. (p. 170-171) Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor country. TRUE AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: Comparative Advantage 21. (p. 171) Embracing a free trade regime for an advanced economy often implies that the country will produce less of some labor-intensive goods and more of some knowledge-intensive goods, TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 22. (p. 172) The comparative advantage model assumed that trade does not change a country's stock of resources or the efficiency with which it utilizes those resources. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge D ifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 23. (p. 74) A study over the 1950-1998 period revealed that countries that liberalized their trade regimes experienced, on average, increases in their annual growth rates of 15 percent compared to preliberalization times. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 24. (p. 175) Despite the short-term adjustment costs associated with adopting a free trade regime, trade would seem to produce a greater economic growth and higher living standards in the long run, just as Ricardo's theory leads us to expect. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 25. (p. 176) Factor endowments refer to the extent to which a country is endowed with such factors as land, labor, and capital. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 26. (p. 176) The He ckscher-Ohlin theory would predict that the United States should be a primary importer of capital goods. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 27. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has been one of the least influential in international economics.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 28. (p. 176) Most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because it makes fewer simplifying assumptions and it has been subjected to many empirical tests. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 29. (p. 177) Wassily Leontief's theory of the product life-cycle was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products were developed by foreign nations and sold in he U. S. market. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Diffic ulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 30. (p. 177) Vernon argued that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is available to all income groups. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 31. (p. 178) Historically, the product life-cycle theory seems not to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 32. (p. 178) Viewed from an Asian or European perspective, Vernon's argument that most new products are developed and introduced in the United States is ethnocentric. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 33. (p. 180) The new trade theory began to emerge in the 1970s when a num ber of economists pointed out that the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 34. (p. 180) In industries where economies of scale are important, both the variety of goods that a country can produce and the scale of production are limited by the size of the market. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 35. (p. 184) In sum, Porter's argument is that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and lack of domestic rivalry.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 36. (p. 185) According to Porter, advanced factors are the most significant for competitive advantage. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 37. (p. 188) According to Michael Porter, factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, and policies toward education. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 38. (p. 189) The individual firm should invest substantial financial resources in trying to build a first-mover, even if that means several years of losses before a new venture becomes profitable. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 39. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, businesses are at the mercy of government trade policy. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 40. (p. 90) According to Porter's theory of national competitive advantage, a firm should invest in upgrading advanced factors of production because it is in the best interest of business for a firm to do so. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Multiple Choice Questions 41. (p. 161) Which of the following is best identified by saying it is the absence of government-imposed barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries? A. Free trade B. Mercantilism C. Socialism D. Market system AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 42. (p. 161) _____ refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. A. Mercantile trade B. Free trade C. Clear commerce D. Unen cumbered commerce AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 43. (p. 161) David Ricardo advanced the: A. new trade theory. B. product life-cycle theory. C. comparative advantage theory. D. factor endowment theory. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 44. (p. 161) The theory of comparative advantage, advanced by _____, is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. A. Michael Porter B. David Ricardo C. Bertil Ohlin D. Adam Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 45. (p. 162) How do countries' economies gain from international trade? A. Country can specialize in the manufacturing of products that are produced most efficiently in other countries. B. Citizens should buy only those roducts that are produced domestically. C. Since it is of interest to domesti c producers, countries benefit from international trade. D. Countries can import products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 46. (p. 162) With their future threatened by imports, _____ textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. A. Chinese B. Indian C. Japanese D. U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 47. (p. 162-163) Climate and natural resource endowments explain why all of the following happen EXCEPT: A. Brazil exports coffee. B. Iceland exports oranges. C. China exports crawfish. D. Saudi Arabia exports oil. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 48. (p. 164) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. A. ethnocentrism B. capitalism C. collectivism D. mercantilismAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 49. (p. 164) Which of the following statements most accurately captures the main tenet of mercantilism? A. It is in a country's best interests to not export products to less developed countries. B. It is in a country's best interests to import products that are most efficiently produced at home. C. It is in a country's best interests to import less specialized goods than to attempt to make them at home. D. It is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imports. AACSB: Reflective thinkingBT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 50. (p. 164) Considered to be the first theory of international trade, _____ principal assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. A. collectivism's B. mercantilism's C. capitalism's D. economic conservatism's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 51. (p. 164) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the central beliefs of mercantilism? A. Government should intervene to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade.B. Policies should be put in place to minimize exports and maximize imports. C. Imports should be limited by tariffs and quotas. D. Exports should be subsidized. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 52. (p. 165) The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a: A. zero-sum game. B. mutually beneficial activity. C. nonessential economic activity. D. threat to a government's independence. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 53. (p. 165) A situation in which a gain by one party r esults in a loss by nother is called: A. economic independence. B. an unrestricted trade. C. a zero-sum game. D. trade surplus. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 54. (p. 165) The theory of _____ was advanced by Adam Smith. A. absolute advantage B. comparative advantage C. new trade D. mercantilism AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 55. (p. 165) A country is noted as having a(n) _____ in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing that product. A. comparative advantage B. onsumer advantage C. competitive advantage D. absolute advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 56. (p. 165) According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then: A. retain these goods for strictly domestic sales. B. trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. C. sell these goods to the highest domestic or international bidder. D. prohibit the import of these goods from other countries. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 57. (p. 167) In his 1817 book entitled â€Å"The Principles of Political Economy,† _____ introduced the theory of comparative advantage. A. Adam Smith B. David Ricardo C. Raymond Vernon D. Max Weber AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 58. (p. 167-168) A situation in which a country specializes in producing the goods it produces most efficiently and buys the products it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if it could produce the good more efficiently itself is referred to as: A. comprehensive advantage. B. pertinent advantage.C. comparative advantage. D. absolute advantage. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowle dge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 59. (p. 170) To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of _____ suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all gain. A. total advantage B. mercantilism C. comparative advantage D. paradoxical advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 60. (p. 170) _____ theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.A. Porter's B. Vernon's C. Samuelson's D. Ricardo's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 61. (p. 170) Comparative advantage is based on assuming away: A. the effects of trade on income distribution within a country. B. constant returns to scale. C. that the resources can move freely from the production of one good to another. D. that free trade does not change the efficiency with which the co untries use their resources. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 2. (p. 170-171) _____ argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor nation. A. Raymond Vernon B. Andrew Warner C. Paul Samuelson D. Jeffery Sachs AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 63. (p. 171) Which of the following is an issue with the ‘constant returns to specialization' assumption? A. Constant returns to specialization imply a concave PPF. B.Constant returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. C. It is feasible for a country to specialize to a point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminis hing returns. D. Resources are of different quality and hence more units are required to produce each additional unit. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 64. (p. 171) In comparative advantage, the assumption is that resources can move freely from production of one good to another.Why is this assumption unrealistic? A. The process of shifting resources from one good to another eliminates human suffering. B. The benefit of free trade is much lesser compared to the cost of shifting resources. C. The process of moving resources causes friction and human suffering. D. Resources move easily from one economic activity to the other. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 65. (p. 171) The gains from trade once the transition toward free trade has been made: A. eliminates human suffering. B. auses resources to easily shift between econ omic activities. C. is lesser than the cost of shifting resources. D. are both significant and enduring. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 66. (p. 173) What would be the consequences of dynamic gains in both the stock of a country's resources and the efficiency with which resources are utilized? A. It will cause the country's PPF to be in a bell-shaped curve. B. The country can produce more goods than it did before free trade. C. Dynamic gains would lead to an outcome that is beneficial under all circumstances.D. The country will achieve constant returns to specialization. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 67. (p. 173) What was Samuelson's criticism of free trade? A. He argued that in some circumstances, dynamic gains can lead to an outcome that is beneficial for the country. B. He argued that offshoring service jobs th at were traditionally mobile will increase the market clearing wage rate. C. He favored introducing protectionist measures to guard against the theoretical harmful effects of free trade. D.He argued that being able to purchase groceries 20 percent cheaper at Wal-Mart does not necessarily make up for the wage losses. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 68. (p. 174) _____ and _____ created a measure of how open to international trade an economy was and then looked at the relationship between openness and economic growth for a sample of more than 100 countries from 1970 to 1990. A. Ricardo; Smith B. Warner; Sachs C. Porter; Vernon D. Samuelson; Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 69. (p. 176) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in: A. productivity. B. political interests . C. factor endowments. D. national priorities. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 70. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory: A. argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments. B. argues that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage. C. redicts that countries will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant. D. is less favored than Ricardo's theory because it makes many simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 71. (p. 176) Which theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Smith-Ricardo B. Vernon-Samuelson C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Carrier-R oller AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 72. (p. 176) Which of the following statements is a fair comparison of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Ricardo theory of free trade? A. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by currency exchange rates. B. Unlike Ricardo's theory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. C. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by constant returns to specialization.D. Unlike the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Ricardo's theory makes fewer simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 73. (p. 176) According to the text, most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because: A. it makes fewe r simplifying assumptions. B. it predicts trade patterns with greater accuracy. C. Ricardo's theory is less accurate due to the Leontief paradox. D. many of the empirical tests have raised questions about the validity of Ricardo's theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 74. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has a(n) _____ appeal. A. political B. commonsense C. economic D. cost efficiency AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 75. (p. 176) Contrary to what the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict, the United States has been a primary importer rather than an exporter of capital goods. This phenomenon is referred to as the _____ paradox. A. Theler B. Leontief C. Cormier D. Ricardo AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 76. (p. 176) What is a possible explanation for observing the Leontief paradox? A. The U. S. imports goods that heavily use skilled labor and innovative entrepreneurship. B. The U. S. has a special advantage in producing new products made with innovative technologies. C. The U. S. exports heavy manufacturing products that use large amounts of capital. D. The U. S. has a strong absolute advantage over all other foreign nations because of its resource capabilities. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 77. (p. 76) Of the following, whose theory predicted that countries would export goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Ricardo B. Porter C. Leontief D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 78. (p. 176) The _____ occurred due to the findings that U. S. exports were less capital- intensive than U. S. imports. A. theory of rising costs B. Leontief paradox C. theory of comparative advantage D. diminishing returns to specialization AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 79. (p. 177) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage attempts to rationalize why some countries export automobiles, consumer electronics, and machine tools, while other countries export chemicals, watches, and jewelry. This rationalization is best explained in terms of: A. absolute advantage in terms of resources. B. international differences in labor productivity. C. the proportions in which the factors of production are available. D. the cultural histories of the exporting nations. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 80. (p. 177) Raymond Vernon proposed the product life cycle in the mid-1960s. Vernon argued that two factors gave the U. S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. These two factors were _____ and: A. low cost; number of industries. B. market size; types of competitors. C. wealth; size of the U. S. market. D. low income groups; low cost of U. S. labor. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 81. (p. 177) Vernon's product life-cycle theory was based on the observation hat for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the _____ market. A. Japanese B. Western European C. U. S. D. Canadian AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 82. (p. 177) Vernon argues that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries: A. remains limited to high income groups. B. necessitates imports to th e U. S. C. attracts manufacturing possibilities.D. limits exports from U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 83. (p. 178) As the market in the U. S. and other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized and price becomes: A. governmentally regulated. B. greater. C. unimportant. D. the main competitive weapon. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 84. (p. 178) Which of the following has historically been noted as being an accurate explanation for international trade patterns?A. Product life-cycle theory B. Absolute advantage theory C. Competitive advantage theory D. Heckscher-Ohlin theory AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 85. (p. 178) According to the text, historically the product-life-cycle theory is a(n): A. relevant theory in the modern world . B. accurate explanation of international trade patterns. C. example of culturally relative theories. D. without any weakness. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 86. (p. 78) Which of the following theories might better explain why certain components are produced in certain locations and why the final product is assembled elsewhere? A. New trade B. Comparative advantage C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Product life-cycle AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 87. (p. 180) The _____ theory began to emerge in the 1970s when some economists pointed out the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. A. balanced trade B. Heckscher-Ohlin C. new trade D. product life-cycleAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 88. (p. 180) _____ are unit cost re ductions associated with a large scale of output. A. Comparative advantages B. Factor endowments C. Economies of scale D. Diminishing returns AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 89. (p. 180) Because of substantial economies of scale, the _____ theory argues that trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers. A. comparative advantage B. product life-cycle C. new trade D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 90. (p. 180) Which of the following theories argues that due to the presence of substantial scale economies, world demand will support only a few firms in many industries? A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. Leontief's paradox C. Product life-cycle D. New trade AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 91. (p. 180) The new trade theory points out that through its impact on economies of scale, tra de can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and: A. reduce the volume of the goods produced. B. eliminate competition.C. lower the costs of the goods. D. reduce the quality of the goods produced. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 92. (p. 180) If a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize _____ for certain products. A. high volumes B. economies of scale C. low unit costs D. competitive pricing AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 93. (p. 181) Which of the following is NOT an indicator of why trade is considered to be mutually beneficial to those involved in it?A. It allows for specialization. B. It allows for production of products at higher prices. C. It affords realization of scale economies. D. It affords production of a larger variety of products. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Dif ficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 94. (p. 181) The economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants in an industry are called: A. first-mover advantages. B. comparative advantages. C. factor endowment advantages. D. first-stage benefits. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: New Trade Theory 95. (p. 181) What of the following is an advantage that first-movers enjoy? A. Benefit from a high cost structure. B. A zero-sum game due to lack of competition. C. Capture scale economies ahead of later entrants. D. Increase trade barriers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 96. (p. 181) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product. A. omparative B. late entrant C. first-mover D. constant retur n AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 97. (p. 182) The new trade theory is at variance with the _____ theory, which suggests that a country will predominate in the export of a product when it is particularly well endowed with those factors used intensively in its manufacture. A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. product life-cycle C. comparative advantage D. Ricardo-Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 98. (p. 83) In terms of first-mover advantages and international trade, who conducted a study suggestive of the existence of first-mover advantages as an important factor in explaining the dominance of firms from certain nations in specific industries? A. Alfred Chandler B. Michael Porter C. Adam Smith D. Hawker Siddley AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 99. (p. 183) Considered by some to be the most contentious implica tion of the new trade theory is that it generates an argument for _____ and ______. A. high cost production; high import tariffs. B. igh volume production; low variety of goods. C. weak export; entrepreneurship. D. government intervention; strategic trade policy. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 100. (p. 183) The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on determining why some nations succeed and others fail in international competition. A. new trade B. absolute advantage C. comparative advantage D. national competitive advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 01. (p. 183) What was the essential task of Michael Porter's national competitive advantage? A. How do nations use their resources efficiently? B. Why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry? C. How do countries gain first-mover a dvantages? D. Why has a large proportion of the world's new products been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market? AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 102. (p. 184) Porter's suggested four attributes making up the diamond† consist of factor endowments, relating and supporting industries, firm strategy and structure, and: A. competitive advantage. B. mercantilism. C. constant returns to specialization. D. demand conditions. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 103. (p. 184) Which of the following indicate the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive? A. Factor endowments B. Firm's structure and rivalry C. Relating and supporting industriesD. Demand conditions AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Ea sy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 104. (p. 184) According to Porter's diamond, a nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry is best referred to as: A. capitalization. B. diminishing returns. C. factor endowments. D. relating industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 105. (p. 84) Porter's thesis was that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and that these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. All of the following are attributes EXCEPT: A. factor endowments. B. first-mover advantages. C. firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. D. relating and supporting industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 106. (p. 184) Porter maintains that two additional variables can influence the national diamond in important ways.These two variables are _____ and ______. A. entrepreneurship, strategic trade policies. B. trade shortage, high import tariffs. C. absolute advantage; PPF. D. chance; government. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 107. (p. 185) In the context of factor endowments, which of the following are considered to be classed as advanced factors? A. Demographics B. Climate and location C. Natural resources D. Skilled labor AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 08. (p. 185) Porter argued that in terms of factor endowments, _____ factors are the most significant for competitive advantage in his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations. A. constant B. basic C. advanced D. complement ary AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 109. (p. 185) Porter argues that a nation's firms gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _____ and _______. A. sophisticated; demanding. B. ethnocentric; rich. C. accommodating; uneducated. D. low skilled; nationalist. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 110. (p. 185) Michael Porter emphasizes the role home demand plays in upgrading: A. competitive advantage. B. factor endowment. C. constant returns to specialization. D. production possibility frontier. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 111. (p. 185) Unlike the naturally endowed basic factors, advanced factors are a product of investment by all of the following EXCEPT: A. companies. B. governments. C. dem ographics.D. individuals. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 112. (p. 187) In Porter's model of competitive advantage, the fourth broad attribute is the strategy, structure, and rivalry of firms within a nation. Porter suggested that there is a strong association between _____ and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in an industry. A. inflation B. vigorous domestic rivalry C. new government regulations and higher taxes D. new product development AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 113. (p. 187) Who argued that successful industries within a country tend to be grouped into â€Å"clusters† of related industries? A. Porter B. Vernon C. Ricardo D. Heckscher AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 1 14. (p. 187-188) Porter argues that the presence of all components is usually required for the â€Å"diamond† to boost: A. international recognition. B. competitive performance. C. corporate social responsibility. D. employee morale. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 115. (p. 188) We would expect Porter's model to predict _____, if he is correct. A. currency exchange rates B. membership in the WTO C. the pattern of international trade D. factor endowments AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 116. (p. 189) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage in terms of the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.A. competitive B. comparative C. absolute D. first-mover AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learni ng Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 117. (p. 189) The manufacture of standard electronic components is a _____ process requiring semi-skilled labor. A. low cost B. capital-intensive C. labor-intensive D. first-mover advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 118. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, _____ can exert a strong influence on government trade policies.A. individual citizens B. voluntary organizations C. unions D. businesses AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 119. (p. 190) Porter's theory of national competitive advantage suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production. The means for accomplishing this include all of the following EXCEPT: A. increase research and development activities. B. provide better t raining for employees. C. adopt policies that eliminate competition.D. develop methods to improve the skill levels of workers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 120. (p. 190) According to Porter's theory, governments should be urged to _____ that will have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. A. increase trade barriers B. favor unionization C. adopt policies D. restrict import AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Essay Questions 121. p. 161, 164) What is meant by the term â€Å"free trade†? Was Adam Smith an advocate or critic of free trade? Is free trade compatible with the concept of mercantilism? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and s ell to another country. This concept was supported by Adam Smith, who argued that the â€Å"invisible hand† of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.The concept of mercantilism is not compatible with the concept of free trade. The main tenet of mercantilism is that it is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus by exporting more than it imports. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory, Mercantilism 122. (p. 161) When does free trade occur?Free trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. AACSB: Reflective thi nking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 123. (p. 165) Describe Adam Smith's concept of absolute advantage. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods for the goods produced by other countries.For instance, during Smith's time, England had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, and France had an absolute advantage in the production of wine. According to the concept of absolute advantage, it then only makes sense for England to produce textiles (and export them to France), and France to produce wine (and export it to England). Smith's basic argument, therefore, was that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.Moreover, Smith argued that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 124. (p. 176) Describe the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.Thus, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory attempts to explain the pattern of international trade that we see in the world economy. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is consistent with the notion of free trade. It also has commonsense appeal, and there are many examples of international commerce that are supportive of the theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 125. (p. 177) Describe the central tenant of the product life-cycle theory. Raymond Vernon initially proposed the product life-cycle theory in t he mid-1960s.Vernon's theory was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market. It could be produced abroad at some low-cost location and then exported back into the United States. Vernon went on to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is limited to high-income groups.The limited initial demand in other advanced countries does not make it worthwhile for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some exports from the United States to those countries. Over time, demand for the new product grows in other advanced countries (e. g. , Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan). As it does, it becomes worthwhile for foreign producers to begin producing for their home markets. AACSB: Reflective th inking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 126. (p. 80, 182) Describe the new trade theory. How does the new trade theory help us understand why the United States is dominant in the world market for commercial aircraft exports? New trade theory makes two important points: First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises.Thus, world trade in certain products may be dominated by countries whose firms were first movers in their production. In such industries, firms that enter the market first build a competitive advantage that is difficult to challenge. Thus, the observed pattern of trade between nations may in part be due to the ability of firms to capture first-mover advantages. New trade theorists argue that the United States is a major exporter of commercial jet aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufacture aircraft, but because one of the first movers in the industry, Boeing, was a U. S. firm.This dominance is further reinforced because global demand may not be sufficient to profitably support another producer of midsized and large jet aircraft in the industry. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 127. (p. 181) Describe what is meant by first-mover advantages. First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first-mover advantage.New trade the ory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial proportion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale-based cost advantage that later entrants find almost impossible to match. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 128. (p. 184) Identify and describe the four attributes advanced by Porter. What did Porter conclude from his analysis? The four attributes identified by Porter are as follows:Factor Endowments: A nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. Demand Conditions: The nature of home demand for the industry's product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries: The presence or absence in a nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: The conditions in the nat ion governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.Porter speaks of these four attributes as constituting the diamond. He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in industries or industry segments where the diamond is most favorable. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 129. (p. 188) How does Porter's theory predict patterns in international trade? If Porter is correct, we would expect his model to predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world.Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable. Is he correct? We simply do not know. Porter's theory has not been subjected to detailed empirical testing. Much about the theory rings true, but the same can be said for the new trade theory, the theory of comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It may be that each of these theories, which complement each other, explains something about the pattern of international trade.AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 130. (p. 190) What does Porter's theory mention about policy implications? Porter's theory of national competitive advantage also contains policy implications. Porter's theory suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production; for example, to invest in better training for its employees and to increase its commitment to research and development.It is also in the best interests of business to lobby the government to adopt policies that have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. Thus, according to Porter, businesses should urge government to increase investment in education, infrastructure, and basic research and to adopt policies that promote strong competition within domestic markets. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications